t = (x̄ - μ₀) / (s/√n)
Compare sample mean against known value
t = (x̄₁-x̄₂)/√(s₁²/n₁+s₂²/n₂)
Compare means between independent groups
t = d̄ / (s_d/√n)
Analyze before/after or matched pair data
χ² = Σ(O-E)²/E
Test goodness of fit and independence
Whether you use critical values, p-values, or R's t.test() function, you'll reach the same statistical conclusion. Choose the method that makes most sense for your analysis!
| 🍎 Apple | 🍌 Banana | 🍊 Orange | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male | |||
| Female |